From: zlsiial@uts.mcc.ac.uk (A. V. Le Blanc) Subject: New 'interim' release of Linux Date: 16 Apr 92 13:23:28 GMT I am pleased to be able to announce, only a week after the last release, a new 'interim' version of Linux. The kernel supplied with this version is 0.95c+, including line printer support, and the four disks supply binaries for just about everything, including the C and C++ compilers. I was unable to include Kermit or any of the big packages (TeX, emacs, etc.), but just about everything else should be there, I hope. In addition to upgrading from 0.95c to 0.95c+, I have managed, I think, to fix the bugs in make, which has now been used to recompile everything else (including bash) without problems. I have dropped encrypt, now that passwd is available, and I have added encode, decode, and su. Encode and decode do UU- XX- and atob encoding and decoding. I have not included the new chsh program, which does not work quite as I would wish, though the same thing could be said of su; I thought su was just too useful to omit. I am also including binaries for installing shoelace, as well as a new version of bash, this time with job control, which just won't work properly on my installation disk. The software fits on four floppies. As before there are two versions of the first two floppies (for UK and US keyboards). The file sizes are boot-UK.Z 368827 boot-US.Z 368799 util-UK.Z 1123877 util-US.Z 1126306 comp.image 1228800 comp2.image 1218560 I have not compressed the comp images because the compressed versions are bigger than the uncompressed, as happens frequently with images which contain compressed material. Many thanks to all who helped out with comments on the last version and on its (limited) documentation. Now maybe I'll have a chance to improve the documentation (what little there is) and get the diffs out. Files are available by anonymous ftp from ftp.mcc.ac.uk (and from its mirror at banjo.concert.net) in /pub/linux/mcc-interim/0.95c+/images, and the five README files in the directory /pub/linux/mcc-interim/0.95c+. For those who lack rawrite.exe or (un)compress.exe for DOS, they are available in /pub/linux/mcc-interim/dos-utils. A more detailed description of this version follows shortly. -- Owen LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk
From: zlsiial@uts.mcc.ac.uk (A. V. Le Blanc) Subject: New 'interim' release of Linux (long and detailed) Date: 16 Apr 92 14:47:36 GMT The following is the README file for the latest 'interim' version of Linux 0.95c+: This is the current version of my MCC (Manchester Computing Centre) interim release of Linux. This is intended to double as an installation/recovery system for a version of Linux 0.95c+. It installs a system using shared libraries based on gcc-2.1. WARNING: this is experimental software. It is fairly stable, but please be sure to back up any valuable files. You need to get from the images directory the files *-UK.Z (for UK keyboards) or *-US.Z (for US keyboards). If you wish, you should also get comp.image (the gcc 2.1 compiler, but WITHOUT C++) and the comp2.image(C++). If you are creating the disks on a DOS system, you will also need rawrite.exe and uncomp.exe or something similar; copies of these and of their documentation are available in the directory /pub/linux/mcc-interim/dos-utils. Assuming you have transferred (in binary mode) the files rawrite.exe, uncomp.exe, boot-xx.Z, and root-xx.Z to your DOS system, type C:\>uncomp boot-xx C:\>uncomp util-xx C:\>rawrite Enter source file name: util-xx Enter destination drive: a: Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press -ENTER- : At this point put a high density disk which has been formatted at least once into your A drive. After rawrite has finished, then remove the disk and continue. Assuming (for the sake of simplicity) that you wish to install only the minimum system, continue as follows: C:\>rawrite Enter source file name: boot-xx Enter destination drive: a: Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press -ENTER- : Once rawrite has finished, you may reboot your system, leaving the boot disk in the A drive (assuming you want to install Linux on this system). After the initial boot, you should see something like this: Loading................................ Press <RETURN> to see SVGA-modes available or any other key to continue. After pressing anything but <RETURN>, you should get information about your system, ending with this: Now you may take the boot disk out of your 0 (A) drive and put the utilities disk in instead. After you have done this, tell me whether your 0 (A) disk is a 3.5 inch disk (3) or a 5.25 inch disk (5): _ Assuming you have no problems, and that your system is Linux-compatible, you should now see this after giving the correct answer: /dev/ram / /dev/fd0xxxxx /mnt Further instructions can be found in the file /mnt/README. Type 'more /mnt/README' to look at it. # If you follow instructions, you should see this: # more /mnt/README This is the root disk for installing the MCC (Manchester Computing Centre) interim version of Linux. If you have followed the instructions so far, and if nothing has gone wrong, you must now set up your hard disk: Use fdisk to create a primary partition for Linux. You may also wish to set up other partitions for Linux, and/or a partition of at least 5 megabytes for swap space. Give the command V (verify) before writing your partition table. Note: The fdisk supplied is my fdisk, version 0.92, which should be able to read and create extended partitions correctly (I hope). My fdisk deals with only one device at a time. The default is /dev/hda. If you wish to repartition your second hard disk using fdisk, you must type 'fdisk /dev/hdab'. Please note and believe the following warning: AFTER USING fdisk, REBOOT AND REMOUNT THIS DISK ON /mnt. The warning means that if you change your partition table, the operating system (Linux) does not know about the changes until after you reboot. Naturally, you will type 'sync' a couple of times, remove the utilities disk, and replace the boot disk before rebooting. The message continues: Then use mkfs and mkswap to initialise the partitions you created above. If you do not remember their bloksize, use fdisk with the command p to display it (and then q to exit). mkfs and mkswap have this syntax: mkxxx [-c] /dev/hdxxx nnnnn where [-c] optionally checks the partition, hdxxx is the partition's device as reported by fdisk, and nnnnn is the partition's size in blocks as reported by fdisk. Use the command 'swapon /dev/hdxxx' to activate swap space made by mkswap. Mount the new partition on /root and type install_root. Note that to mount the partition, you will type 'mount /dev/hda1 /root' or something similar. If you do type 'install_root', you will be asked (among other messages) Do you wish to install Linux now? Type 'no' to stop. Yes (y) or no (n): _ At this point, since it is possible that you are installing Linux on a partition which you have earlier used as a Linux file system, or you may have aborted a previous installation attempt, the program says: If you wish, we can delete any files and directories already on your new root disk. Do you wish to clean your new root disk? Type 'no' to leave any files which may already be there. yes (y) or no (n): _ If you continue, you will have a final chance to exit: This is your last chance to stop before installing Linux. Do you want to continue installing? Type 'no' to stop. Yes (y) or no (n): _ If you type 'y' ( or 'yes'), you will have a long list of things being installed (I hope). At the end of this list, you will see the following message: Linux has now been installed. You may now give the umount command to unmount the utilities disk. Type 'mount' to see the device name of the utilities disk. After giving the appropriate command 'umount /dev/fd0xxxx', give the command 'hash -r' to avoid trying to access the utilities disk. Then you can set up a boot disk for your new hard disk root partition: cd /root/etc rdev Image /dev/hda3 replacing ^ with your root device cp Image /dev/fd0H1440 replacing ^ with fd0h1200 if your 0 (A) drive is 5.25 inches. sync If you obey these instructions you can reboot from the floppy you have just written. Note that this floppy must have been formatted at some time. The installed system takes up about 2.8 Mbytes of disk space. It contains no source whatever (except for shell scripts). In addition to Linux-0.95c+, it contains nearly all binaries from: ps-2.1 (from hlu) find-3.5 mtools-2.0.5 bash-1.12 gawk-2.13.2 patch-2.0.12u6 compress-4.01 grep-1.5 sed-1.08 diff-1.15 joe-0.1.4 shellutils-1.6 elvis-1.5 less-1.77 tar-1.10 fgrep-1.1 make-3.62 textutils-1.3 fileutils-3.2 as well as programs from BSD and various things posted on the *.os.linux lists. The installed system (though not the boot/utilities disks) contains (modified) versions of the poe-igl init as well as the following commands in binary form: awk basename cat chgrp chmod chown clear cmp comm compress cp csplit ctags cut date dd df diff diff3 dir dirname doshell du echo egrep elvis elvprsv elvrec env ex expand expr false fdisk fgrep find fmt fold free fsck gawk getty grep groups head hexdump hostname id install joe join kill last less lesskey ll ln login logname ls lsf make mattrib mcd mcopy mdel mdir mformat mkdir mkfifo mkfs mknod mkswap mlabel mmd more mount mrd mread mren mtype mv mwrite nice nl nohup od paste patch pathchk pr printenv printf ps rdev ref rm rmdir sed setterm sh sleep sort split strings stty sum swapon sync tac tail tar tee test top touch tr true tty umount uname uncompress unexpand uniq update users vdir vi virec wc whereis who whoami write xargs yes encode decode passwd su It also contains the help files for joe, less, and more. The installation disks actually contain the following commands, which are intended to be useful for recovering from messes: cat chgrp chmod chown compress cp dir doshell du fdisk fsck install_root ll ln ls lsf mkdir mkfs mknod mkswap more mount mv rdev rm rmdir setterm sh stty swapon sync tar umount uncompress vdir The disk 'comp.image' is provided for installing the GNU C compiler. As the binaries are statically loaded, there is not room for C++ on this disk. It contains a complete set of include files and libraries, together with the following commands: ar as as86 cc cpp gcc ld ld86 nm objdump ranlib size strip The files on this disk come from the distributed archives 2.1misc.tar.Z, 2.1lib.tar.Z, and the most recent binutils.tar.Z. Some of the include files come from linux-0.95c+.tar.Z. This disk also contains the binaries for shoelace, as well as an brief new README file. To load this disk, you must mount it on /mnt and go to your root directory, i.e., 'cd /root' if you do this after booting from the boot-xx diskette, or 'cd /' if you do this after booting with your primary hard disk partition as root. Then type /mnt/install_comp. The disk 'comp2.image' contains the parts of GNU C++ that did not fit on the disk comp.image. It also contains an alternative version of bash which has job control, but which has problems on some systems. If you install this bash (as /bin/sh), it saves the former sh as /tmp/sh.old. (I now think it would have been a better idea to save it is /bin/sh.old, but give me time!) This bash gets error messages from tcsetattr and tcgetattr and does not allow interactive input on some systems; on others it works perfectly. Don't ask why; tell me. This disk, like comp.image, should be mounted on /mnt; then go to /root or / as appropriate, and type /mnt/install_comp2. There is virtually no documentation yet other than the installation instructions. I shall be putting the source to this in /pub/linux/mcc-interim/0.95c+ and its subdirectories over the next few days. Please let me know of any improvements which could be made to this release. -- Owen A. V. Le Blanc Computing Centre University of Manchester LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk
From: aw2t+@andrew.cmu.edu (Alex R.N. Wetmore) Subject: two questions Date: 22 Apr 92 16:18:47 GMT I have two questions. 1) Is there a man written yet? I was going to write my own and port over man pages for all of the stuff that I don't have them for yet, but I figured I would ask first. 2) What is the MCC release of Linux? 3) When is the ABC release coming out. Okay, that was three questions. alex
From: jwinstea@jarthur.claremont.edu (Jim Winstead Jr.) Subject: Re: two questions Date: 22 Apr 92 19:50:30 GMT In article <EdxN7bq00awDMEveIn@andrew.cmu.edu> aw2t+@andrew.cmu.edu (Alex R.N. Wetmore) writes: >1) Is there a man written yet? I was going to write my own and port >over man pages for all of the stuff that I don't have them for yet, but >I figured I would ask first. I found a package a while back labelled man-1.0.tar.Z, which identified itself as the GNU 'man' package. It's not on prep.ai.mit.edu, so I think the GNU Folks may have dropped it in favor of TeXinfo, but I've been using it on my system for some time with good luck. I believe it can be found on tsx-11.mit.edu, possibly compiled. Either that, or try looking it up with archie. >2) What is the MCC release of Linux? It's the Manchester Computing Center (?) release, which serves as a sort of extended-release, as I see it. It includes many more utilities than the basic release from Linus and myself, and as a result comes on three (four?) floppies. -- Jim Winstead Jr. (CSci '95) | "Catch a fish!" Harvey Mudd College | -Geddy Lee, jwinstea@jarthur.Claremont.EDU | San Diego Sports Arena Disclaimer: Mine, not theirs! | January 20, 1992
From: zlsiial@uts.mcc.ac.uk (A. V. Le Blanc) Subject: MCC 'interim' version of Linux (was Re: two questions) Date: 23 Apr 92 13:21:07 GMT In article <1992Apr22.195030.8492@muddcs.claremont.edu> jwinstea@jarthur.claremont.edu (Jim Winstead Jr.) writes: >In article <EdxN7bq00awDMEveIn@andrew.cmu.edu> aw2t+@andrew.cmu.edu (Alex R.N. Wetmore) writes: >>2) What is the MCC release of Linux? > >It's the Manchester Computing Center (?) release, which serves as a >sort of extended-release, as I see it. It includes many more >utilities than the basic release from Linus and myself, and as a >result comes on three (four?) floppies. It comes on two floppies, but there are a few others available. The Manchester ComputING CentRE was once Manchester University Regional Computer Centre (pronounced 'murk') and later UMRCC. The change from 'computer' to 'computing' was made (supposedly) to mark a shift in emphasis from supporting machines to supporting the people who use them. (Some of the people who use them complain that the shift in emphasis has not yet been implemented.) The University of Manchester has been known to claim that computers were invented here, which they were if you define 'computer' properly. We are a Centre, not a Center, because (as someone pointed out in a recent note) that is how it is spelled in 'proper' English (English + Irish + Australian + Indian + Canadian + ...) as opposed to the American dialects. I try to mention MCC from time to time, since they pay me and supply me with equipment. I am in fact supposed to be doing other things for MCC, and, also in fact, I do. The MCC 'interim' releases of Linux are unofficial experiments. They vary depending on my whims and on the time I have to give them, usually not enough, I am afraid. The latest so far, 0.95c+, had (or has?) the following goals: (a) To provide a simple installation procedure. (b) To provide a more complete installation procedure. (c) To provide a backup/recovery service. (d) To backup my (then) current system! When I first put Linux on a PC, back at 0.11, I got the standard boot and root floppies, found there was no working fdisk, tried edpart, which made a mess of my partition table by sorting it, used the MINIX fdisk, and finally got a system going. Then I started trying to get other bits to it. I decided this was a bit awkward, and hoped someone would do something about it. I also hate having to search through 3 ftp sites for useful bits, the fragmented nature of a system which, I believe, was one of the serious problems with MINIX, and having to compile everything again and again because it was originally linked with some defective version of the library, as happens often enough even with 'mature' commercial Unixes. Theodore Ts'o wrote the ramdisk code in the Linux kernel. As he remarked, it was originally designed to make it possible to store some files on the ramdisk, and so free the disk drive for other purposes, for example, for creating or modifying a boot floppy so that it boots using a hard disk partition as the root device. Both Ted and Linus warned me that the ramdisk code was inefficient, but I thought this was no problem for an installation/backup/ recovery system. Both also pointed out that the ramdisk uses much more memory than it should, and this has in fact proven to be a problem on systems with only 2mb of RAM. Nevertheless, the latest 'interim' release from MCC does manage to squeeze quite a lot onto TWO disks: one of which combines the boot and root disk, and one of which I called the 'utilities' disk. The boot disk boots, loads its root device from the same disk, and then starts executing /etc/rc. This runs a little script which asks for the drive size, and mounts the utilities disk (which you will of course have placed in the drive when you were instructed to). The commands available on the combined boot/util combination are approximately equivalent to those on Jim Winstead's root disk. Of course, I have a lot more space than he does -- about 500k more -- so I use a lot of this space for tar.Z files which contain all the usual Unix commands I can find, excluding 'man' and the compilers, but including, for example, awk (gawk), all of the GNU shell/file/text utilities, grep and its cousins, sed, vi, more, less, tar, compress, uuencoding/decoding, the mtools package for reading/writing DOS files, and make. I also added the joe editor, for those who find vi too alien. The format was a bit to cramped to try to include emacs or tex or any other monster utilities, and almost everything I wanted fit except Kermit, shoelace (which is awful, I admit, but works if you know how to do it), and man pages. All of this fit on two disks, the boot disk and the utilities disk, as I have said before. Now I tried this out on some of my unsuspecting friends, who made interesting suggestions and complaints. One in particular asked if I could add a disk containing the C compiler. So my first additional disk (comp) contains gcc 2.1 plus the include files and the libraries. I couldn't fit g++ on the same disk, so I added shoelace and a bit of g++. (I supplied a new README file for shoelace, explaining how to test it out from a floppy before you overwrite your primary boot sector). Later I added another disk (comp2) containing the rest of g++ (include files, binaries, libraries) and Kermit, which is too big to fit on the utilities disk. When I released this version (which did not include Kermit at first), I received some favourable comments, but most people felt that man pages should be included. I therefore project another disk, which should include groff, man, and man pages. Note that these additional disks (comp, comp2, and man) are not really part of the 'interim' version proper, though it is convenient to lump them together. Not also that the man disk does not yet exist, though the binaries and patches for groff are in fact available; the binaries are not really usable, since they include only unlinked executables, not the groff library stuff. When the man disk comes out, it will probably include only preformatted man pages, with the unformatted pages available for ftp in another format. The pages are collected from the GNU sources and from elsewhere, including, of course, those from the excellent Linux-man contributors. The man-1.0 program does not do QUITE what I would like, and so I am messing with it -- I hate distributing things that don't do what they should. Contrary to my expectations, I did in fact create a sixth image, which is called xdisk, and which -- in an awkward way -- allows people with less than 4mb of RAM to install the 'interim' version without using the ramdisk; they don't need my boot disk, but they do need a standard 0.95c+ boot disk and my xdisk. I hope this clarifies what the MCC 'interim' version of Linux 0.95c+ is, and why, when it consists of SIX disks, of which one does not exists, while two come in two versions (US and UK keyboards), etc., I would still say that, properly speaking, it consists of TWO disks, together with a number of optional extra disks. The latest 'interim' version, while put together by me, is deeply indebted to many other people, including Linus himself and Ted Ts'o, who put up with a lot of hassle while I was working it up, and Jim Winstead, some of whose bits are included. Also included are poe-igl-1.2, lots of GNU code, HLU's C, C++, and libraries, all GNU in origin, but with an awful lot of work involved in porting them, the UU-, XX- and AtoB encoding/decoding utilities by Konrad Bernloehr, and all the people who helped with testing and by reporting bugs and even those who just said 'Thanks'. I would hope that the 'interim' version would influence other versions, from which I will of course get new ideas and code. But it would be very awkward to do the standard distribution this way. First of all, it is a pain producing a boot disk. If you want to change a letter in a text file, you have to mount, edit, unmount, copy the disk to a file, copy the file and the image to another disk, and then reboot. The present system, with Linus providing boot disks and Jim providing root disks, is more convenient in many respects -- but much harder for the end user. Perhaps it will change eventually when Linux becomes stable -- but can you ever believe it will stop changing? -- Owen LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk
From: rick@ee.uwm.edu Subject: How 'bout that interim releas? Date: 12 May 92 20:58:31 GMT Just wondering... any idea when the MCC interim release of Linux 0.96 will be ready? I was really impressed with the ease with which the 0.95c+ installed.
From: zlsiial@uts.mcc.ac.uk (A. V. Le Blanc) Subject: Re: How 'bout that interim releas? Date: 13 May 92 08:02:11 GMT In article < 1992May12.205831.22128@uwm.edu> rick@ee.uwm.edu writes: >Just wondering... any idea when the MCC interim release of Linux 0.96 > will be ready? I was really impressed with > the ease with which the 0.95c+ installed. There does seem to be quite a lot of interest! The situation is complicated by my going away for two weeks on this Friday, and by my wishing to include the new release of 2.1, with all its corrections and new features. So, I am sorry to say, the next 'interim' release will probably not be out until early June. The ABC release should probably be out soon as well, and I hope it will be at least as easy to install as mine -- probably better, since others have been able to learn from my mistakes. I'll try to learn too, thanks to the many people who have spotted and reported problems and made suggestions. I'll try to improve my documentation as well. Quite a few people have written asking questions whose answers ought to be in my README files (and some have had questions whose answers are already in my README files). I have enjoyed hearing from so many people, and have tried to write back to all of them, but I'm afraid one or two letters have got lost. One thing I'd like to do for the next 'interim' version is to have an acknowledgments file, giving the names of all of the people who have helped in one way or another. I should mention especially Linus Torvalds, Theodore T'so, and Alan Clegg in particular for putting up with a lot of e-mail and questions. -- Owen LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk
From: zlsiial@uts.mcc.ac.uk (A. V. Le Blanc) Subject: MCC interim 0.96c released Date: 6 Jul 92 14:52:53 GMT Reply-To: LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk I know you're not going to believe this, but it's here! About a month after I hoped to have it out, the MCC interim release of Linux 0.96c is available. I still need to do a little work on the README's, but most of the things are there waiting to be transferred! For those who don't know, the MCC interim releases of Linux are designed to make installing Linux easy. Get copies of the README files, together with the five disk images, uncompress where necessary (only the boot disk compresses this time, I'm afraid), rawrite to high density disks of any size, and you're away. Problems might occur if you have only 2mb of memory, but I successfully installed Linux on a 2mb machine yesterday using these disks, so I know what I'm talking about. What do you get? Besides what is usually on the root disks -- we don't use separate root disks at MCC! -- you get all of the usual GNU utilities, plus file, man, man pages (YES!), GCC, G++, kermit, shoelace, groff, ... Words fail me, but you can read all about it in the README file! Among the things that you might call good news: this release includes several new features: man with man pages (preformatted, but with source available), bison (which I forgot last time), file, fdformat, and groff. A new version of fdisk (0.93) displays sizes by cylinder in addition to by sector (indeed, cylinder is now the default), and lets you specify end-of-partition as a size in cylinders, kilobytes, or megabytes; it also should handle disks with more than 1024 cylinders more sensibly. Of course it still creates extended partitions better than any other fdisk, but if you have SCSI drives this won't interest you yet. If you already have Linux installed, this MCC release will delete only the bits it replaces, unless you ask it to delete everything, and saves your old configuration files from /etc (renaming, for example, /etc/passwd to /etc/passwd.old, /etc/rc to /etc/rc.old, /etc/mtools to /etc/mtools.old) and from the root, bin, and user login directories. After you install, or if you reboot using the boot/utility pair as a recovery system, the editors 'vi' and 'joe' now work, as well as the 'man' command. And if you wish, after a single 'ln -s /root/etc/mtools /etc' you can run mtools! A list of Acknowledgements tries to name all the sources of software, but doesn't mention how grateful I am to Linus, Ted Ts'o, and H J Lu, particulary Ted, who helped me find a bug in the ramdisk code at the last minute before going on vacation. Among the things that you might call bad news: I didn't include locate (as requested by several people) because the data-base-builder doesn't work, or ldd, which will probably be coming out in a new version soon, or a few other requests. One bit of groff -- the PostScript utilities -- wouldn't fit on the five disks, and is provided as a compressed tar file. There are bugs in stty, in decode, and with serial connections. There are a lot of things I wanted to add but couldn't get -- like a working 'script' -- or couldn't squeeze in. The installation can be regarded as a group of 'packages' with the following sizes (in kilobytes): size disk package 2373 util main install 1829 comp1 GCC 2.2.2 binaries and include files 576 comp2 GCC 2.2.2 main libraries 75 comp1 GCC 2.2.2 libcurses.a and libdbm.a 2198 comp3 G++ 2.2.2 everything 976 comp2 main groff utilities 133 comp2 groff's DVI utilities 140 comp3 groff's bibliographical utilities 251 comp2 Kermit 107 comp2 shoelace (but you can delete 58 of this after installing) 5658 --- total (but you can delete 58 after installing shoelace) You don't need the comp3 disk unless you want g++ or the utilities gindxbib, glookbib, grefer, or lkbib; with just the other 4 you can recompile the kernel and all of the stuff on the disks except groff. (Note that the source and all patches is available for anonymous ftp, but that source does not come on the 5 disks.) I am very sorry for the length of time this took, but I have been very busy lately, and only free to work on Linux on weekends and early in the morning. Please feel free to send me comments and suggestions, and (especially) bug fixes. I shall post the main README file later. -- Owen LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk